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The unity of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism
The thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism have intertwined throughout the long history of China, forming a unique cultural landscape of "Three Teachings in One." Although they each emphasize different core doctrines, practices, and ultimate goals, there are significant commonalities in their deep spiritual pursuits and value orientations, which can be primarily reflected in the following aspects:
1. Core pursuit: inner transcendence and elevation of spiritual realm.
Confucianism: Pursuing "inner sage and outer king." "Inner sage" refers to achieving the supreme moral realm of "becoming a sage" through "self-cultivation" (investigating things, extending knowledge, being sincere, and rectifying the heart) (such as "benevolence" and "supreme good"). It emphasizes the perfection and transcendence of personality in the practice of ethics in the present world.
Taoism: Pursuing "attaining the Dao" and "becoming one with the Dao." By conforming to nature, practicing tranquility and non-action, and returning to simplicity, one transcends the constraints of the mundane (fame, fortune, life and death, cleverness) to reach the state of "free and easy wandering" or "longevity and eternal vision" (the harmonious unity of individual life and the great transformation of the universe).
Buddhism: The pursuit of "awakening" and "nirvana". By eliminating troubles and extinguishing greed, anger, and ignorance (the three poisons), one transcends the suffering of the cycle of birth and death, realizes the true nature of the universe and life, and attains the ultimate liberation of the state of nirvana.
Commonality: All three believe that individuals can transcend the limitations of individual life, the constraints of worldly desires, and the confusion of life and death through inner cultivation, awakening, or practice, achieving a higher, freer, and more complete spiritual realm or state of existence. They all focus on the liberation and elevation of the soul, rather than merely remaining at the material level or external norms.
2. Moral Foundation: Benevolence, Altruism, and Harmony.
Confucianism: The core values are "Ren" (benevolence), "Yi" (righteousness), "Li" (propriety), "Zhi" (wisdom), and "Xin" (trustworthiness). It emphasizes the principle of "Do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself" and the idea of "Care for the elderly as you would for your own elders, and care for the young as you would for your own young," with the goal of constructing a harmonious and orderly society ("He").
Taoism: Advocates "compassion," "frugality," and "not daring to be the first in the world" (the Three Treasures). Emphasizes "governing by non-action," aligning with the laws of nature, not acting recklessly or forcefully, to achieve natural harmony in society ("non-action is without non-action"). Its thoughts on "valuing life" and "benefiting things" also reflect respect for life and nature.
Buddhism: The core is "compassion" (relieving suffering and bringing happiness), especially the Mahayana Buddhist spirit of "universal salvation" ("Bodhisattva path"). It emphasizes "do no evil, practice all good," regulating behavior with precepts such as the "Five Precepts and Ten Good Deeds," and pursuing "self-benefit and benefiting others, self-awareness and awakening others," with the ultimate goal of helping all sentient beings to be free from suffering and attain happiness.
Commonality: All three have a strong ethical concern and a value orientation towards goodness. Although their paths differ (Confucianism emphasizes human relationships and order, Taoism emphasizes natural harmony, and Buddhism emphasizes cause and effect), they all advocate for individuals to do good, care for others (or all beings), restrain personal desires, and promote harmony in society and even the universe. Together, they form the cornerstone of moral education in traditional Chinese society.
3. Cognition and Mindset: Introspection and Cultivation of Mindset.
Confucianism: Emphasizes "self-examination" and "I examine myself three times a day", cultivating one's character through introspection and self-discipline to return to propriety (as Mencius said, "to understand one’s nature is to understand Heaven"). The Song and Ming dynasties' Neo-Confucianism further explored the relationship between "mind", "nature", and "principle" (such as Lu-Wang's philosophy that "the mind is principle").
Taoism: Advocates for "heart fasting," "sitting and forgetting," and "reaching the utmost emptiness, maintaining utmost stillness," by removing prejudices, desires, and cleverness, allowing the mind to achieve a state of emptiness and clarity to comprehend the Dao.
Buddhism: Especially Zen, emphasizes "seeing one's nature and realizing one's mind," and "the mind is Buddha." The practice focuses on observing one's heart, breaking through delusions and attachments, and directly perceiving the inherent Buddha nature (pure self-nature).
Commonality: All three greatly emphasize the cultivation and awakening of inner nature, believing that truth, the great way, or Buddha nature resides within the human heart (or can be realized through the heart), rather than relying entirely on external authority or knowledge. The methods of practice all include some form of introspection, calming the mind, and removing obstructions. This shared focus on inner nature provides an important theoretical interface for the integration of the three teachings (especially the absorption of Buddhist and Daoist thoughts in Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism).
4. Dialectics and the Middle Way: Transcending Opposition and Seeking Balance.
Confucianism: Emphasizes the "Doctrine of the Mean", opposes "excess" and "deficiency", and seeks to achieve an appropriate balance and harmony in various relationships (such as between heaven and man, among individuals, and in righteousness and profit).
Taoism: Deeply expounds on the principles of the unity of opposites ("existence and non-existence give rise to each other, ease and difficulty complement each other..."), and the idea that extremes will reverse ("reversal is the movement of the Dao"), advocating for transcending binary oppositions and conforming to the natural evolution with a posture of "non-action" and "non-contention."
Buddhism: Core teachings such as "dependent origination and emptiness" and "the non-dual gate" reveal the interdependence of all phenomena and the absence of independent essence, dispelling attachment to all concepts (including existence and non-existence, good and evil, life and death), advocating for transcending dualities and walking the middle path (such as the Eightfold Path).
Commonality: All three possess profound dialectical thinking, recognizing the relativity and unity of contradictions in worldly phenomena. They all oppose extremism and dogmatism, advocating for a middle way, balance, or harmonious state that transcends binary opposition when understanding the world and dealing with issues. This wisdom enables them to be inclusive and flexible when facing complex problems.
5. Social function: Educate people's minds and stabilize order.
Confucianism: Directly provides ethical norms and political governance ideas for society, it is the mainstream ideology of traditional society, dedicated to maintaining social hierarchy and harmony.
Taoism: In politics, it has the idea of "governing by non-action"; on a personal level, it provides spiritual solace and a means to transcend the mundane (especially in chaotic times), playing a role in regulating and supplementing social order (such as "achieving success and withdrawing").
Buddhism: Educating the public with doctrines such as karma and reincarnation, encouraging people to do good, providing answers to life and death issues and spiritual solace, which helps to alleviate social conflicts and stabilize people's minds.
Commonality: Despite their different emphases (Confucianism is more actively engaged in the world, Daoism is more transcendent, and Buddhism focuses more on ultimate liberation), all three have historically shared the function of educating the populace, stabilizing society, and providing spiritual support. They have collectively shaped the values, ways of thinking, and behavioral patterns of the Chinese people, profoundly influencing all aspects of Chinese culture.
In summary, the deep commonality of the unity of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism lies in:
Common ultimate concern: the yearning to transcend individual limitations and pursue a higher spiritual realm (Saint, Dao, Buddha).
Common moral cornerstone: the admiration and practice of universal ethical values of benevolence, altruism, and harmony.
Consistent disposition refers to the emphasis on introspection and self-cultivation to attain truth or one's nature.
Similar dialectical wisdom: the application of a way of thinking that transcends binary oppositions and seeks a middle path of balance.
Complementary social functions: jointly serving to educate people's minds, maintain social order, and preserve cultural heritage.
It is precisely these profound commonalities that allow Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism to mutually absorb, reference, and integrate within the soil of Chinese culture, forming a pattern of "you within me, I within you," which together constitutes the backbone and soul of traditional Chinese thought and culture, showcasing a powerful inclusiveness and vitality. Understanding these commonalities is key to understanding Chinese culture and the spiritual world of the Chinese people.
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