How MegaETH actually eliminates gas restrictions

MegaETH achieves the decentralization of computing power and eliminates gas restrictions by splitting the Full Node. This article is from the Chain Community and is reprinted by Foresight News. ('Ethereum Technical Showdown: MegaETH VS Monad' Overview: Vitalik Buterin also participated! New Mainnet MegaETH receives 20 million pounds in funding: targeting 100,000 TPS, Mainnet to be launched by the end of the year) 'Everyone has overlooked that MegaETH has almost eliminated the gas limit of the EVM' - @0x_ultra. This has caused some follow-up online at X time - let's analyze how it works and its impact. Typical roles in the Block network: Block producer, Node network, and users. Now let's analyze what these roles represent. Common network roles Block producer: This entity is responsible for creating Blocks that can be attached to the on-chain. For L1, this is a diverse and decentralized collection of validators, randomly selected to serve in this role, while for L2, this role is often assigned to a single machine: the sequencer. The key distinction between filling the roles of Block producers on both sides is that sequencers usually have greater hardware requirements and either do not give up this role or do so rarely, while validators are constantly rotated (for example, Solana's leader switches after ~1.2 seconds). Full Node: These machines receive Blocks generated by Block producers (whether validators or sequencers), execute these Blocks themselves to verify their accuracy with the existing chain history, and then update their local 'truth' to stay synchronized with the chain itself. Once synchronized, they can provide this information to application users, developers who want to obtain chain information, etc. This is the 'network' of the Block chain. It is important to note that your network speed depends only on its slowest entity. This means that if these entities providing chain information cannot keep up with the Blocks generated by validators/sequencers and verify their accuracy, your network will run at this slowed-down speed. Users: This is you. When you read information from an application or submit a transaction to the chain, all information is routed through a Full Node that stays synchronized with the Block producer. This is self-evident. Hardware protocol: So, these are all the parties - very good. But what does this have to do with gas restrictions? To understand this, we must discuss the meaning of gas and two other dimensions of extension in a decentralized network. In short, gas restrictions represent the complexity of on-chain computation or Blocks and are the network's commitment to its Node: to keep up with the Blocks it generates, you only need X hardware to process the generated Blocks, without falling behind. This is essentially a method of flow control. However, this is not the only dimension that determines the throughput of the chain. The other two influencing factors are: Bandwidth - the upload/download speed of Nodes, allowing them to communicate with other parts of the network. Storage - the hardware requirements for Nodes to store chain information. The more history is processed, the more information needs to be stored. Together with computation, these constitute the implicit 'hardware protocol' of the network: Three dimensions of extension that affect network throughput. In the traditional setting of Cryptocurrency, it is usually to have a single machine (Full Node) operate in isolation and be able to handle the maximum possible requirements of all three dimensions. A Full Node must have: Bandwidth to download/upload all Blocks. Computing power to re-execute all transactions in all Blocks. Storage capacity to store the entire chain state. In the above aspects, computation is usually the most restrictive in the EVM network, which is why Block limits are roughly similar in well-distributed networks: Table: Comparison of on-chain gas parameters in 2024 EVM (source: Paradigm []). Therefore, the problem is identified as the computing power required by a single machine to keep up with the Block producers on the chain. How to solve this problem? Node specialization. Node specialization: MEGAETH's answer. 'What is Node specialization?' This simply means that we have taken the traditional single entity (Full Node) and split it into a set of specialized machines serving specific functions. Then: The Full Node, which must handle the maximum bandwidth, computing, and storage of the Block producer, is now replaced by a Replica Node, which only receives state differences instead of complete Blocks, while complete Blocks are distributed throughout the entire Proof Node network. These Nodes independently execute these Blocks and then report the valid proof of the Blocks to the Replica Node. Visualization: Visualization of the relationship between the Proof Network and the Replica Node. The impact of the above is that because computation (i.e., transaction complexity) is no longer handled by a single entity for each Block, but is distributed across a set of machines in the Proof network, it is no longer the most pressing limiting dimension of extension, almost eliminating the possibility of being a constraint. The above content shifts the problem to bandwidth and storage, and the increase in storage size due to the rise in state is our current focus. To solve this problem, we are iterating on a pricing model based on the number of updated kv rather than transaction complexity (gas). By splitting a single machine into a set of machines, it injects some trust assumptions in this specific setting. On the last point, it is important to note that MegaETH will also provide the option of a Full Node for those who want to verify 100% of the chain state themselves. The latest Node specifications provided by MegaETH. Well, the computation/gas restrictions are gone - what does this mean for me? Impact of no gas restrictions. At the highest level, this simply means 'people can do more complex things on-chain', which is usually reflected in the strict size limits of contracts and transactions. @yangl1996's direct response to @dailofrog (, a passionate on-chain artist. In addition, there are some examples: Complex on-chain computations Direct execution of machine learning models in smart contracts Real-time price calculations Complete sorting of large arrays without loop restrictions Access to the entire network/relationship graph Algorithm for storage and state management Maintaining larger data structures within contracts Access to more historical data in contract storage Batch operations in a single transaction Protocol design Execution of complete zero-knowledge proof verification Complex encryption operations without off-chain components Real-time Automated Market Maker with complex formulas Ultimately, this is just on-chain creativity. It's a shift in mindset from scarcity, gas optimization, and contract optimization to a rich EVM normalization. We will see how the team ultimately leverages it, but I believe this will be something that the ecosystem has quietly praised for a long time. 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